Senarai eksperimen biologi (Part 1)

Assalamualaikum dan salam sejahtera

Khas untuk students biologi tingkatan 5, teacher nak berkongsi senarai eksperimen. Feel free to read! Good luck! (nanti teacher akan update lagi senarai ini)

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Correlating the different sizes of cubes with the total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio and studying how the TSA/V ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes.
2. Studying educational courseware and charts about the circulatory systems in humans, fish and amphibians.
3. Examining prepared slides of blood smear, mammalian artery and mammalian vein.
4. Observing live specimens of the heart
5. Showing the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals
6. Preparing and examining slides of the cross section and longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous stem
7. Observing prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant
8. Carrying out bark ringing to show the role of phloem in the continuous transport of organic substances
9. Studying the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration by using a potometer
10. Determining the effect of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity on the rate of transpiration
11. Investigating whether transpiration occurs mainly through the stomata of leaves
12. Observing the phenomenon of root pressure
13. Observing the phenomenon of cohesion and adhesion of water
14. Investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration

Number Activity 1.1 (Observation)
Pg. 2
Title : Correlating the different sizes of cubes with the total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio and studying how the TSA/V ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes
Aim / Objective of the Study : To correlate different sizes of cubes to total surface area/volume (TSA/V) ratio and to study on how the TSA/V ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes.
Problem Statement :How the TSA/V ratio does affect the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes?
Hypothesis :A cube with a larger TSA/V ratio allows solutes to move faster into its interior.
Variables :
Manipulated variable: TSA/V ratio
Responding variable: Rate of penetration of solutes (iodine solution / phenolphthalein) into the cubes
Fixed variable: Concentration of iodine solution / phenolphthalein, time

Material :
1.0% phenolphthalein
0.2M sodium hydroxide solution
A sheet of plain plastic for example transparency
Filter paper

Apparatus :
Petri dish
A ruler
A pair of scissors
A razor blade
A stopwatch

Technique used :Measure the rate of penetration of solutes into the cubes by using cube-shaped moulds (on plain plastic).


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Number Activity 1.2 (Observation)
Pg. 4
Title :Studying educational courseware and charts about the circulatory systems in humans, fish and amphibians.
Aim / Objective of the Study :To study the circulatory systems in humans, fish and amphibians
Problem Statement :How is the circulatory system in humans, fish and amphibians?

Material :
Educational software
Videos
Charts
The Internet


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Number Exploring Further (Experiment)
Pg. 5
Title: Examining prepared slides of blood smear, mammalian artery and mammalian vein
Aim / Objective of the Study: To exam prepared slides of blood smear, mammalian artery and mammalian vein
Material :
Prepared slides of human blood smear
Prepared slides of mammalian artery (cross section)
Prepared slides of a mammalian vein (cross section)

Apparatus :
Microscope
Technique used Observe and examine prepared slides with a microscope


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Number Activity 1.3 (Observation)
Pg. 6
Title :Observing live specimens of the heart
Aim / Objective of the Study: To observe live specimens of the heart.A. Observing a live specimen of the goat’s heartB. Observing a live specimen of the chicken’s heartC. Observing a live specimen of the fish’s heart
Material :
Fish heart
Chicken heart
Goat heart

Apparatus :
Dissecting tray
A sharp knife
A blunt metal probe
A pair of scissors
A scalpel
Safety goggles
Laboratory aprons
Gloves

Technique used :Observe live specimens of the heart and compare the circulatory systems


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Number Activity 1.4 (Observation)
Pg. 13
Title :Showing the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals
Aim / Objective of the Study: To observe the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals
Problem statement :Does xylem form a continuous tube system?
Hypothesis: Xylem tissues form a continuous tube system from the roots to the shoots

Material :
A balsam plant (pokok keembung)
100 ml of dilute eosin solution

Apparatus :
A beaker
A razor blade
A clean glass slide
A microscope
A forceps
A white tile
A Petri dish
A paint brush

Technique used :
Prepare cross section of stem and root
Identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf by using microscope


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Number Activity 1.5 (Observation)
Pg. 14
Title :Preparing and examining slides of the cross section and longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous stem
Aim / Objective of the Study: To prepare and exam slides of the cross section and longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous stem

Material :
A stem
Dilute glycerine
Toluidine blue

Apparatus :
A razor blade
A Petri dish
A microscope
A slide
A small paint brush

Technique: used Identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf by using microscope


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Number Activity 1.6 (Observation)
Pg. 16
Title: Observing prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant
Aim / Objective of the Study: To observe prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant
Material :
Prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant (Example:Helianthus sp.)

Apparatus :
A microscope

Technique used: Observe and identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf by using microscope


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Number Activity 1.7 (Experiment)
Pg. 17
Title :Observing prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a monocotyledonous plant
Aim / Objective of the Study: To observe prepared slides of the cross section of the stem, root and leaf of a monocotyledonous plant
Problem statement: What is the effect of removing a ring of phloem tissue from the stem of a tree?
Hypothesis :The tissue just above the ring swells, whereas that below the ring tends to wither.
Variables :
Manipulated variable: a stem that is not ringed
Responding variable: The condition of the stems above and below the ring after one month
Fixed variable: The environmental factors affecting the growth of the tree

Material :
A healthy tree with small stems
Vaseline
Apparatus
A sharp knife

Technique used: Bark ringing (removal of a ring of phloem tissue, external to the xylem, from around the trunk of a woody plant).


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Number Activity 1.8 (Experiment)
Pg. 19
Title: Studying the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration by using a potometer
Aim / Objective of the Study :To study the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration by using a potometer
Problem statement :How does the movement of air affect the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis: The faster the movement of air, the greater the rate of transpiration
Variables :
Manipulated variable: Air movement
Responding variable: The distance travelled by the air bubble in 5 minutes
Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, type of plant used
Material :
A leafy shoot
Vaseline
Dry cloth
Coloured water (dilute eosin solution, optional)

Apparatus :
A photometer
A beaker
Secateurs
A basin of water
A stopwatch

Technique used: Measuring the distance travelled by an air bubble in a photometer in 5 minutes using a stopwatch.


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Number Activity 1.9 (Experiment)
Pg. 25
Title: Determining the effect of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity on the rate of transpiration.

Aim / Objective of the Study :To determining the effect of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity on the rate of transpiration.


Effect of light
Effect of temperature
Effect of relative humidity

Problem statement :
How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?
How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

Hypothesis :
The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration.
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
The higher the relative humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration.

Variables (light intensity)
Manipulated variable: Light intensity.
Responding variable: Time taken by the air bubble to travel a distance of 2 cm.
Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, relative humidity, type of plant used and air movement.

Variables (temperature)
Manipulated variable: Temperature.
Responding variable: Time taken by the air bubble to travel a distance of 2 cm.
Fixed variable: Light intensity, relative humidity, type of plant used and air movement.

Variables (relative humidity)
Manipulated variable: Relative humidity.
Responding variable: Time taken by the air bubble to travel a distance of 2 cm.
Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, light intensity, type of plant used and air movement.

Material :
A leafy shoot
Vaseline
Dry cloth
Coloured water (dilute eosin solution, optional)

Apparatus :
A potometer
A beaker
Secateurs
A basin of water
A stopwatch
A large transparent polythene bag
A large black polythene bag
Two strings
Two covers to cover the shoot
A thermometer

Technique used: Measuring and recording the time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of 2 cm by using a stopwatch.


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Number Exploring Further (Experiment)
Pg. 26
Title: Investigating whether transpiration occurs mainly through the stomata of leaves.

Material :
Leaves from a dicotyledonous plant such asHibiscus sp.
Vaseline

Apparatus :
Thread
An electronic balance
An applicator


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Number Activity 1.10 (Observation)
Pg. 27
Title: Observing the phenomenon of root pressure

Material :
A healthy potted plant with plane underneath
Coloured water

Apparatus :
A glass tube (20 cm long)
A rubber tubing
Threads
A ruler


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Number Activity 1.11 (Observation)
Pg. 28
Title :Observing the phenomenon of cohesion and adhesion (capillary action) of water

Material :
Water
Paraffin oil
Sponge

Apparatus :
Capillary tube
Retort stand
A beaker


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Number Practical Assessment 1 (Experiment)
Pg. 29
Title: Investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration / Investigating the transpiration rate of a leafty shoot

Material :
Water
Paraffin oil

Apparatus :
Calibrated pipette
Retort stand
Potometer
Airtight seal
Water tube